Middle East.

Life splits by country. In Istanbul or Izmir, students spend evenings in cafés over endless çay, cheap eats and lively neighbourhoods like Kadıköy; nightlife is proper, with bars and clubs that go late. In Dubai and Abu Dhabi the scene is brunches, beaches, malls and shisha lounges, plus licensed hotel bars that cost a fortune. Manama is quieter but friendly.

Making friends is easy because you're a novelty and locals are genuinely hospitable. ESN-style exchange societies are strong in Turkey; in the Gulf, host-uni buddy schemes and the huge international student mix do the same job. Say yes to everything the first month and you'll have a crew fast.

Your budget depends entirely on where you land. Turkey is one of the cheapest exchanges going: you can live well on €500-800 a month, with a room from €200-350 and a full meal for €4-6. The Gulf is a different planet. In Dubai and Abu Dhabi rent alone can eat €700-1,200 a month, and a modest all-in budget runs €1,200-2,000. Bahrain is a touch softer but still pricey by European standards.

Save by cooking, grabbing student housing where it's offered, and skipping the licensed-bar nights that quietly wreck Gulf budgets. In Turkey, cash and street food are your friends.

• Turkey: €500-800/mo
• Bahrain: €900-1,400/mo
• United Arab Emirates: €1,200-2,000/mo

In-city transport is genuinely good. Istanbul's metro, trams and cross-Bosphorus ferries are cheap and run on an Istanbulkart; a ferry between continents costs under a euro. Dubai's driverless metro is spotless and covers the main strip, though you'll still lean on cheap Careem taxis. Manama is small and taxi-dependent.

Flights between the countries are quick and often cheap on the region's carriers: Istanbul to Dubai is about 4.5 hours, Dubai to Bahrain barely an hour. Weekend hops within Turkey are easy by intercity bus or budget flight, and the Gulf's short-haul network makes a Friday getaway realistic.

• Istanbul–Dubai, ~4.5h flight
• Dubai–Bahrain, ~1h flight
• Istanbul Bosphorus ferry, under €1

Expect a more lecture-led, exam-heavy style than the seminar chat you might be used to, though top universities are modernising fast. Everything maps to ECTS via bilateral agreements, so a normal semester is 30 credits and they transfer as usual. English-taught options are everywhere in the Gulf, where instruction is basically all English, and plentiful in Turkey's big-name schools.

Workload is manageable but attendance is taken seriously. Standout student cities: Istanbul (Boğaziçi, Koç, Sabancı), Ankara (METU, Bilkent), and the Gulf's international campuses in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Manama. Grading can feel stricter, so check early how your home uni converts the marks.

Rules depend on your nationality, so confirm with your host uni, but the pattern is clear. For Turkey, many Europeans enter visa-free or on a cheap e-visa, then apply for a short-term residence permit (ikamet) once you're staying past 90 days. In the UAE and Bahrain, the host university usually sponsors your student visa and handles the paperwork before or just after you arrive.

Budget for a medical check and mandatory health insurance in the Gulf, and register with local authorities where required. Start early: Gulf visa processing and Turkish ikamet appointments both take weeks, and slots fill up.

• Turkey, e-visa/visa-free entry, then residence permit (ikamet) for long stays
• UAE, student visa sponsored by your host university, medical + insurance required
• Bahrain, host-uni-sponsored student visa, arrange before or on arrival

You'll eat well and cheaply. Turkey means breakfasts that go on for hours, kebabs, mezes and street simit; the Gulf layers Emirati, Lebanese, Indian and Filipino food, plus shawarma runs at 2am. Lunch and dinner run late, especially in the summer heat.

Learn the norms. During Ramadan, eating or drinking in public in daytime is a no-go in the Gulf and impolite in Turkey; hours shift and nights come alive. Dress modestly at mosques and government buildings, and know alcohol is legal but restricted to licensed venues in the UAE and Bahrain, near-invisible in some Turkish areas and normal in others. Public displays of affection draw frowns.

Your base sets the map. From Turkey, weekends of Cappadocia balloons, Pamukkale's white terraces, the beaches of Antalya and ancient Ephesus near Izmir are all cheap by overnight bus or budget flight. From the Gulf, the whole region is a short hop: Oman's mountains and wadis, Abu Dhabi's museums, or a splurge to Jordan's Petra.

Keep it broke-friendly by travelling midweek, using Turkey's brilliant intercity buses, and pairing flights with hostels. A single Turkish semester can cover half the country; a Gulf one puts several countries within a weekend.

• Cappadocia (Turkey), balloons and cave hotels, overnight bus from Istanbul
• Pamukkale & Ephesus, travertine terraces and Roman ruins near Izmir
• Antalya coast, cheap Mediterranean beaches, ~1h flight from Istanbul
• Oman from the Gulf, wadis and mountains, short flight or drive from the UAE
• Petra, Jordan, a weekend splurge, ~3h flight from Dubai

Three countries, three very different semesters. Pick by what actually matters to you day to day, and be honest about budget, because that decides more than anything else here.

• On a tight budget, Turkey, no contest; €500-800 a month goes far
• Best nightlife, Istanbul, real bars and clubs that run till dawn
• Beaches & sun, the UAE for year-round warmth, or Turkey's Med coast
• Easiest in English, the UAE and Bahrain, where everything runs in English
• History & culture, Turkey, layered with Byzantine and Ottoman everywhere
• Big-city buzz, Dubai for the futuristic skyline, Istanbul for the beautiful chaos

The region rewards students who do a little homework. The mistakes are usually about money, culture and admin, not anything dramatic, and they're all avoidable with a bit of planning.

• Carry cash in Turkey and haggle at bazaars; card isn't king outside cities
• Get a local SIM on day one (Turkcell, or du/Etisalat) for cheap data and taxis
• Don't assume alcohol is easy in the Gulf; it's licensed, pricey and hotel-only
• Check dates against Ramadan; timetables, eating and opening hours all shift
• Dress modestly for mosques and official buildings, especially women
• Book Turkish ikamet and Gulf visa steps weeks early; slots vanish fast